Uduti two gutekani inkoni ebyiri zisa zikoreshwa mu kurya. Zakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu Bushinwa hanyuma zijyanwa mu tundi duce tw'isi. Uduti two kurya dufatwa nk'ibintu by'ingenzi mu muco w'Abashinwa kandi dufite izina rya "Ubumwe bw'Iburasirazuba".
Dore ibintu birindwi ugomba kumenya ku biti byo mu Bushinwa.
1. Ni ryari uduti two guteka twavumbuwe?
Mbere y'uko havumburwaUduti two kuryaAbashinwa bakoresheje amaboko yabo mu kurya. Abashinwa batangiye gukoreshaUduti two kuryaHashize imyaka igera ku 3.000 mu gihe cy’ingoma ya Shang (kuva mu kinyejana cya 16 kugeza mu cya 11 mbere ya Yesu). Dukurikije "Records of the Grand Historian", umwami wa Zhou, umwami wa nyuma w’ingoma ya Shang yari amaze gukoresha inkoni z’amahembe y’inzovu. Kuri iyi ngingo, Ubushinwa bufite nibura imyaka 3.000 y’amateka. Mu gihe cya mbere ya Qin (mbere ya 221 mbere ya Yesu), inkoni z’amaboko zitwaga "Jia", naho mu gihe cya Qin (221-206 mbere ya Yesu) na Han (206 mbere ya Yesu - 220 nyuma ya Yesu) zitwaga "Zhu". Kubera ko "Zhu" ihuriweho n’ijwi rimwe na "stop" mu Gishinwa, ari ryo jambo ritari ryiza, abantu batangiye kuyita "Kuai", bisobanura "kwihuta" mu Gishinwa. Iyi ni yo nkomoko y’izina ry’inkoni z’Abashinwa muri iki gihe.
2. Ni nde wahimbyeUduti two kurya?
Inyandiko zivuga ko hakoreshejwe inkoni zo guteka zabonetse mu bitabo byinshi byanditswe ariko nta bimenyetso bifatika bihari. Ariko, hari inkuru nyinshi zivuga ku ivumburwa ry'inkoni zo guteka. Imwe ivuga ko Jiang Ziya, umuhanga mu bya gisirikare by'Abashinwa ba kera yakoze inkoni zo guteka nyuma yo guhumekwa n'inyoni y'imigani. Indi nkuru ivuga ko Daji, umugore ukundwa w'umwami wa Zhou, yavumbuye inkoni zo guteka kugira ngo ashimishe umwami. Hari indi nkuru ivuga ko Yu Mukuru, umutegetsi w'icyamamare mu Bushinwa bwa kera, yakoresheje inkoni kugira ngo afate ibiryo bishyushye kugira ngo azigame igihe cyo kugenzura imyuzure. Ariko nta nkuru nyayo y'amateka yerekeye uwavumbuyeUduti two kurya; tuzi gusa ko hari Umushinwa wa kera w'umuhanga wavumbuye uduti two kurya.
3. Ni ikiUduti two kuryabyakozwe na?
Uduti two guteka dukorwa mu bikoresho bitandukanye nka bamboo, imbaho, pulasitiki, porcelain, ifeza, bronze, amahembe y'inzovu, jade, amagufwa n'amabuye.Uduti tw'ibishishwa by'imiganozikoreshwa cyane mu buzima bwa buri munsi bw'Abashinwa.
4. Uburyo bwo gukoreshaUduti two kurya?
Gukoresha inkoni ebyiri nto mu gutoragura ibiryo ntabwo bigoye. Ushobora kubikora igihe cyose ufashe umwanya wo gukora imyitozo. Abanyamahanga benshi mu Bushinwa bamaze kumenya gukoresha inkoni zo guteka nk'abaturage baho. Urufunguzo rwo gukoresha inkoni zo guteka ni ugushyira inkoni imwe mu mwanya wayo mu gihe uyizunguriza indi mu gutoragura ibiryo. Nyuma yo gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri ku barwayi, uzamenya uburyo bwo kurya hamweUduti two kuryavuba cyane.
5. Imyitwarire myiza ku biti by'ibyokurya
Uduti two gutekaAkenshi bifatwa mu kuboko kw'iburyo ariko biterwa n'uburyo umerewe neza niba ukoresha ukuboko kw'ibumoso. Gukina n'uduti two kurya bifatwa nk'ikinyabupfura kibi. Ni ikinyabupfura kandi ni ugutekereza gufata ibiryo by'abageze mu za bukuru n'abana. Iyo usangira n'abasaza, Abashinwa bakunze kureka abasaza bagafata uduti two kurya mbere y'abandi. Akenshi, umuntu wita ku bandi ahita yimura ibiryo abivanye ku isahani akabishyira ku isahani y'umushyitsi. Ni ukudashyira mu gaciro gukanda uduti two kurya ku nkengero z'isahani yawe, kuko mu Bushinwa bwa kera abasabirizi bakundaga kubikoresha kugira ngo bakurure abantu.
6. Filozofiya y'uduti two guteka
Umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w’Umushinwa Confucius (551-479 mbere ya Yesu) yagiriye abantu inama yo gukoreshaUduti two kuryaaho gukoresha ibyuma, kuko ibyuma by'icyuma byibutsa abantu intwaro z'ubukonje, bivuze ubwicanyi n'urugomo. Yatanze inama yo guhagarika ibyuma ku meza yo kuriramo no gukoresha ibiti byo gukata.
7. Ni ryari uduti two guteka twazanywe mu bindi bihugu?
Uduti two gutekabyagejejwe mu bindi bihugu byinshi by'abaturanyi kubera ko byoroshye kandi byoroshye.Uduti two gutekabyazanywe muri peninsula ya Koreya bivuye mu Bushinwa mu gihe cy'ingoma ya Han maze bikwirakwira muri peninsula yose ahagana mu mwaka wa 600 nyuma ya Yesu. Uduti tw'inkoni twazanywe mu Buyapani n'umumonaki w'Umubuda witwaga Konghai wo mu ngoma ya Tang mu Bushinwa (618-907). Konghai yigeze kuvuga mu gihe cy'ubutumwa bwe ati "Abakoresha uduti tw'inkoni bazakizwa", bityoUduti two kuryabyakwirakwiriye mu Buyapani nyuma gato. Nyuma y'ingoma za Ming (1368-1644) na Qing (1644-1911), inkoni zo kurya zagiye zijyanwa muri Maleziya, Singapuru, no mu bindi bihugu byo mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-01-2024